tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-40389942304052873142024-03-04T20:21:46.959-08:00Anatomy with Katrina KayKatrina Kayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03860156582292625258noreply@blogger.comBlogger17125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4038994230405287314.post-43690425222267207062012-03-09T07:25:00.000-08:002012-03-09T07:25:15.504-08:00Overview of the Virtual LabThis lab was a fun way to sum up all that I have done in the cardiovascular system! Throughout this lab there is a virtual patient and you are the doctor. You have to make them take tests such as using a stethoscope to listen to their heart beat and make predictions on the problem, take echocardiography images, and pedigree charts. Finally after this process is finished you have to come to a conclusion and try to determine what the heart condition may be. If you are right you win; if not you go on to another patient and try again. In my actual case I had a patient that had an irregular heart beat when I listened with the stethoscope. This patients heart you could hear two odd sounds. From this I determined he may have mod bradycardia and a mild mitral valve gegutation meaning blood was flowing back through the valves when it shouldn't be. He was complaining of dyspnea and fatigue when strenuous activity and from what I could tell he had a diastolic murmur meaning his second beat stretched out meaning blood was following back through the valve(s). Then I started on an echocardiograph test. From this the problem looks like the mitral valve is thickened and didn't seem to be moving properly. The valve leftlets moving poorly was leading to an obstruction between the left atrium and the left ventricle which was interfering with the blood flow. This condition is called Mitral Stenosis. My final test to the patient was using pedigree charts. This chart shows the patients family history and charts showing who in the family may contain this disease. These charts tell if a problem is recesive or not. Knowing that 2 of 6 children of 2 perfectly healthy parents are born with serious genetic diseases we determined from the patients charts that neither of his parents had this disease but a few of his cousins did. Iconcluded that the condition didnt seem hertiatory because he has relatives with the disease, but no parents or offspring with it. My final doctor's conclusion was that the patient was suffering from Mitral Stenosis with is a diastolic murmur. I let the patient know that it can be corrected with valve replacement surgery and it isn't fatal but symptoms will remain unless taken care of. I was correct with diagnosing my patient and so I won the game! Overall, this lab was a great way to wrap up the cardio system! And the game was actually very interesting, fun, and benifical to see how all the small parts of the cardio system work together.Katrina Kayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03860156582292625258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4038994230405287314.post-54172033472527196562012-03-01T09:03:00.001-08:002012-03-06T08:04:04.943-08:00Blood Pressure and Heart Rates<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">It's estimated that about 50 million Americans have high blood pressure, and most don't even know it. High blood pressure is also called hypertension. It's a condition where the heart is working extra hard to pump blood through narrowed or constricted arteries. If you have high blood pressure, and it is left unchecked, you could potentially suffer a stroke, heart attack, kidney failure and other serious problems.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Because of the commonality of this problem, we decided to save some money and time by using the at-home, quick-reading technology to check our blood pressure rather than going to a doctor to be tested. My group (Steven, Sierra, and I) used both an automatic wrist monitor and an arm pump monitor to check our blood pressure. We took readings on both of these monitors and put them into graphs to compare them. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQSNQo1IDMPfZP5XUdHLV22OWiT8OBeAtRKNB9P0TsUeNlDWq9Ya36xvN538ASYf0e8cqaN8BfZJL1_7S-KJ1Xjh41bTkPrVBBU0pOdhSjojLB4vT-DTacDqUzyeu4TBh1FTK0QTwPQgaY/s1600/graph_2_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQSNQo1IDMPfZP5XUdHLV22OWiT8OBeAtRKNB9P0TsUeNlDWq9Ya36xvN538ASYf0e8cqaN8BfZJL1_7S-KJ1Xjh41bTkPrVBBU0pOdhSjojLB4vT-DTacDqUzyeu4TBh1FTK0QTwPQgaY/s400/graph_2_.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">My group had 3 subjects (as shown on x-axis), we used both a wrist monitor (green) and an arm monitor (red), the darker of the colors represent the systolic pressures, the lighter of the colors represent the diastolic pressures, and the measurements of these pressures can be determined from the pressure chart (y-axis). </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Let's talk a bit more about what systolic and diastolic are. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Systolic blood pressure is a measure of blood pressure while the heart is beating. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">Diastolic pressure is a measure of blood pressure while the heart is relaxed, between heartbeats. Systolic is clearly higher because the pressure rising while the heart is working hard and the diastolic is a lot lower because the heart isn't working so hard.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">This chart was a great visual aid to compare our data and analyze it. From this chart we can conclude we all have fairly similar and normal blood pressure.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Heart rate</b> is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, typically expressed as <i>beats per minute</i> (bpm). Heart rate can vary as the body's need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes, such as during exercise or sleep. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The measurement of heart rate is used by medical professionals to assist in the diagnosis and tracking of medical conditions. It is also used by individuals, such as athletes, who are interested in monitoring their heart rate to gain maximum efficiency from their training.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">While testing our heart rates the monitors also showed us our heart rates. It was interesting to record our heart rate on both monitors. This was our data:</span></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhENJmxp8TrWaZVxMV6ahHTdJ5PQ3bTaVmH5TtRwwu31hmwavC5y_Qx3OKfvmO6B810akXEPUWr9Em6COi3ja5zhAl1AIJdTY1b2ceox08XKdyRetUC46HW00lwEUQCLlW1KZsAYDMJiN52/s1600/graph_3_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhENJmxp8TrWaZVxMV6ahHTdJ5PQ3bTaVmH5TtRwwu31hmwavC5y_Qx3OKfvmO6B810akXEPUWr9Em6COi3ja5zhAl1AIJdTY1b2ceox08XKdyRetUC46HW00lwEUQCLlW1KZsAYDMJiN52/s400/graph_3_.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">This data was interesting to me because when reading about normal resting heart rates, an average heart rate should be about 60-90 bpm. My heart rate personally tends to be on the lower numbers of that average, but while testing my heart rate over the machines it was much higher. I read a little more into testing heart rates and sources said that during the process of testing the body often seems to get a bit nervous even when you feel relaxed. This is normal, but it often increases your bpm.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Overall, these charts were interesting to compare. We tried comparing data between male and female, wrist and arm, etc. Charts often help with data analysis which is exactly what these did! It was fun to mess around with this equipment and it helped me to understand blood pressure and heart rate measurements even that much more!! </span></div>Katrina Kayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03860156582292625258noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4038994230405287314.post-88638849882452675582012-02-28T09:07:00.000-08:002012-02-28T09:07:24.031-08:00THE WHOLE WORKS!! Heart Anatomy, Blood Flow, Dissection, and Data!!<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;">Here is a massive </span><a href="http://prezi.com/yo87xmxw9ny2/comparative-heart-anatomy-lab/" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">Prezi</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"> containing a ton of information!! I have information about heart anatomy talking about the parts, their locations and functions. The next section is the blood flow; I have multiple diagrams with blue (deoxygenated blood) and red (oxygenated blood) representing the course of the blood flow throughout the heart. The third section of this post is the pictures of our cow heart dissection. The final section is more of a lab write up. It is a very informal, basic lab write up with a graph of data analysis and a good conclusion backed by some reflection questions. </span></span>Katrina Kayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03860156582292625258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4038994230405287314.post-82324233504369889202012-02-03T08:29:00.000-08:002012-02-06T08:09:41.453-08:00Sheep Brain Lab<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmsnv3yRdBC9nWkA7HQhOJDtnvpOiUfC7gjrRY1yifK4qSxa1xFWaoNEAEUk2LM21A4s-tS3zHrGHSTIheiWvSPkw2mKS5qNU4KIYRlt_1nMSmS8twVRHtTGdOoKT5jehg5xt0H-nxV__r/s1600/photo+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmsnv3yRdBC9nWkA7HQhOJDtnvpOiUfC7gjrRY1yifK4qSxa1xFWaoNEAEUk2LM21A4s-tS3zHrGHSTIheiWvSPkw2mKS5qNU4KIYRlt_1nMSmS8twVRHtTGdOoKT5jehg5xt0H-nxV__r/s320/photo+1.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">This is just a post of the sheep brain direction lab just to mainly show photographs I captured during the process. We did this lab in order to understand the nervous system a bit better. This photos are of my group (Audie, Steven, and I) that cute our sheep's brain horizontally, while some of the photos are of other groups sheep brains that are cut in saggital and coronal planes. This was an interesting lab because once dissected we could see the white and grey matter such as in the last picture. We could also pick out certain structures of the brain that remained. The nervous system has been a very interesting topic and I have greatly enjoyed all of the studies we have done with it! Hope you enjoyed the pictures!</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div>Katrina Kayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03860156582292625258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4038994230405287314.post-59115909633155767022012-02-02T08:29:00.000-08:002012-02-02T08:29:07.240-08:00Vision and the Optic Nerve (Nervous System)Here is video that Audie, Steven, and I made about vision and the optic nerve. This is an overview of vision and how it works with the nervous system and then it goes into detail about the optic nerve. It is a fun video that is great for teaching while still be entertaining. <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joJUT3tlADM&context=C3e2a5c5ADOEgsToPDskJkVPoNTy1m_b-zaEVYXQBV" target="_blank">Check it out here</a>.Katrina Kayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03860156582292625258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4038994230405287314.post-48146575113415248342012-01-24T16:17:00.000-08:002012-01-24T16:26:07.874-08:00Leech Neurophysiology Lab Write Up<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><strong><span style="color: purple; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Introduction to the Neurophysiology Leech Lab</span></strong> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span> </span><br />
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Our class followed an </span><a href="http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/vlabs/neurophysiology/index2startlab.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">online virtual direction</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> of a leech (we did this virtual lab, rather than in the classroom, because all of the material is too expensive and the precise procedures on such a small area would be hard without training and experience). This was to demonstrate and educate us on neurophysiology. Our objective was to r<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;">ecord electrical activities of individual neurons while we delivered mechanical stimulus to the attached skin, inject fluorescent dyes into the neurons to visualize their morphology, and identify the neurons based on the morphology and the response to stimuli, comparing them to previously published results.</span></span></span></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><strong>There were many materials used in this lab:</strong></span></span><br />
<ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 15px;">pins</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">scalpel</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">dissection tray</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">probe</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">forceps</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">feather</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">scissors</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">leech tank</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">20% Ethanol</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">leech tongs</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">dissection microscope</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15px;">micro-manipulator- </span><span class="Apple-style-span">A device used to position items with sub-micrometer precision in three dimensions. Here we mount our electrode on it to guide it accurately to a neuron.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Oscilloscope: Basically a sophisticated voltmeter. What you see on the screen is a real time display of voltage (vertical) plotted against time (horizontal). Useful because voltmeters can't track rapidly changing voltages, and even if they could, you couldn't read anything. </span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">leech</span></span></li>
</ul><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span id="goog_291095036"></span><span id="goog_291095037"></span></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple; font-size: large;"><strong>Procedures:</strong></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px;"><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px;"></span></span></span><br />
<h3 style="color: #003333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;">Step 1</span></h3><div style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">We caught and anesthetized the leech in a 20% ethanol solution.</span></div><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 20px;"></span><br />
<h3 style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;">Step 2</span><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"> </span></span></span></h3><h3 style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: normal; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small; line-height: 20px;">We pinned the leech's dorsal side up through the suckers onto a dissection tray and stretched the animal open. </span></h3><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 20px;"></span><br />
<h3 style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: normal; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small; line-height: 20px;"><b>Step 3</b></span></h3><div style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 20px;">We used scissors to make a cut in the skin along the mid-line on the dorsal surface. Then we used the forceps to pull the skin back from the incision and pinned that skin down so that we could see the structures on the inside of the leech.</span><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"><br style="line-height: 15px;" /></span></div><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 20px;"></span><br />
<h3 style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;"> </span></h3><h3 style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small; line-height: 20px;">Step 4</span></h3><div style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 20px;">We carefully removed the gut and other internal structures to expose the nerve cord. </span></div><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
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<center style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></center><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"><h3 style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;"> </span></h3><h3 style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;">Step 5</span></h3><div style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">We then noticed the swellings on the sinus which contained the segmental ganglia of the nervous system and we cut a small piece in the body wall under the ganglion.</span></div></span><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"><h3 style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;"> </span></h3><h3 style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;">Step 6</span></h3><div style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">We then made 2 parallel cuts across the leech and turned it skin side up and pinned it down.</span></div></span><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"><h3 style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;"> </span></h3><h3 style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;">Step 7</span></h3><div style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">We cut the sinus with a scalpel and used the forceps to expose the ganglion and then we looked at it under a microscope (Clearly we couldn't dissect something this small so the cyberlab is great for steps such as these).</span></div></span><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"><h3 style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;"> </span></h3><h3 style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;">Step 8 </span></h3><div style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">We used the electrode over the ganglion to simulate the process of penetrating the cell. We then looked at the oscilloscope to tell us if we found a cell. The oscilloscope turned the signals from the cell into an sound wave display. We used the feather, probe, and forceps and watched how the cell responded. If the cell shows a spike then the cell responded in firing an action potential. We then compared our data to that in the atlas. We then dyed the cell with fluorescent dye to see where the certain cells were located.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">For background info on this step you can check out these links!</span><br />
<a href="http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/vlabs/neurophysiology/notebook8_nav/backframe_nervous.html" style="color: #336666; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Nervous System background</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/vlabs/neurophysiology/notebook8_nav/backframe_elect.html" style="color: #336666; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Electrical Equipment background</span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></div></span><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"><h3 style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;"> </span></h3><h3 style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;">Step 9 </span></h3><div style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Then we used the UV Switch to see the dye which allows us to see the cells structure. </span></div></span><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px;"><h3 style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;"> </span></h3><h3 style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;">Step 10</span></h3><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; color: black; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;">We then used the electrophysiological and neuroanatomical data to identify. After we finished this step for one cell we went back and repeated the procedure for all 5 different cells.</span><br />
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<strong><span style="color: purple; font-size: small;">Data and Analysis:</span></strong><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHhpzhL2_Le3tSMzAnRBB6eXrM4SxPLNDPCbNzy2tJcUKj_6Fv0fzd8jxUjPjekclUwV3ltOs-G58K36r1D5inCEeyQEuD5fHDYwfb-oLsiA_ckdmtlwzxpImDDF8wY0Rj7QcAZ00amafF/s1600/xcell.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHhpzhL2_Le3tSMzAnRBB6eXrM4SxPLNDPCbNzy2tJcUKj_6Fv0fzd8jxUjPjekclUwV3ltOs-G58K36r1D5inCEeyQEuD5fHDYwfb-oLsiA_ckdmtlwzxpImDDF8wY0Rj7QcAZ00amafF/s1600/xcell.gif" /></a></div><span style="font-size: small;">This is what I identified as a type x-cell. I identified it as this type because of its position, structure, and its stimuli. The type x-cell recorded no stimuli when touched or poked with the stimulus tools.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4rOWDW0HwcKweLPPeMdrHZU1fmBsLqvLr9B35BJh4GKoRkoWP8K-5x09nDrFm6AJESHJLbqvBFh-fVlGrgqaL8hgwkgJRInFHfu_l1iF2H4uBN0yvRi-pR4dU11fYvSg3ZyltMi3_Vimz/s1600/pcell.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4rOWDW0HwcKweLPPeMdrHZU1fmBsLqvLr9B35BJh4GKoRkoWP8K-5x09nDrFm6AJESHJLbqvBFh-fVlGrgqaL8hgwkgJRInFHfu_l1iF2H4uBN0yvRi-pR4dU11fYvSg3ZyltMi3_Vimz/s1600/pcell.gif" /></a></div><br />
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<div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;">This is what I identified as a type p-cell. I identified it as this type because of its position, structure, and its stimuli. The type p-cell recorded stimuli when poked by the probe. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"></div><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIssj7lVqGG6GiCsN-pzHv3lQ_wuhrw_HRl-q6TezplRjO44QQHtQ7YSFR_huRRdLV1htxT2bLpVSRGhv-uZ1415to02UtzNyZt5gX_nHyNOitj2IlhlV8yUulBzv1xhwDkmlEYG7ju4cY/s1600/ncell.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIssj7lVqGG6GiCsN-pzHv3lQ_wuhrw_HRl-q6TezplRjO44QQHtQ7YSFR_huRRdLV1htxT2bLpVSRGhv-uZ1415to02UtzNyZt5gX_nHyNOitj2IlhlV8yUulBzv1xhwDkmlEYG7ju4cY/s1600/ncell.gif" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">This is what I identified as a type n-cell. I identified it as this type because of its position, structure, and its stimuli. The type n-cell recorded stimuli when poked by the forceps.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">This is what I identified as a type r-cell. I identified it as this type because of its position, structure, and its stimuli. The type r-cell had a constant record of stimuli even when it was not touched by any of the tools.</span><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; clear: left; color: black; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYlhLcxxaJfh3q8CSuoKGKe0wHmNeSIJ1tAyp3tGRT-8pMcT_6TIRV9pGHmgvPlMCtRScxDC3FfeZMGc5hGCfkw7D9orTYyXLkQ7GoiZBNZW0nOamBL5QlDjaJW0LNAxONRCYs3s5DYzra/s1600/tcell.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYlhLcxxaJfh3q8CSuoKGKe0wHmNeSIJ1tAyp3tGRT-8pMcT_6TIRV9pGHmgvPlMCtRScxDC3FfeZMGc5hGCfkw7D9orTYyXLkQ7GoiZBNZW0nOamBL5QlDjaJW0LNAxONRCYs3s5DYzra/s1600/tcell.gif" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">This is what I identified as a type t-cell. I identified it as this type because of its position, structure, and its stimuli. The type t-cell recorded multiple types of stimuli. When touched by the feather the cell reacted a lot, the probe a little less, the forceps a little less, and finally, when nothing is touching it, no stimuli.</span></div><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">This is the atlas that I referred to help me determine the cell type of my data.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="color: purple; font-size: large;">Conclusion:</span></strong></div><div align="left" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSIOonCstcMK3JtK2viw8g6MF72IY04tZFePD8TF83MwQBaBo99DO6qp8nAyZjG_PFOz1n-EyhVole4JjlnyETi92ob4c-q52UeRMqJUjZ4aRI7nRfp5CfAtwDoWlK2WZuGjeoYyVOIg4S/s1600/realcell.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSIOonCstcMK3JtK2viw8g6MF72IY04tZFePD8TF83MwQBaBo99DO6qp8nAyZjG_PFOz1n-EyhVole4JjlnyETi92ob4c-q52UeRMqJUjZ4aRI7nRfp5CfAtwDoWlK2WZuGjeoYyVOIg4S/s1600/realcell.gif" /></span></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span">After I identified each of the cell types I got a </span>Congratulations note<span class="Apple-style-span"> and this picture showed me all the placements where the cells could be found. This picture wrapped up all of the types of cells and helped me to know where to place them in the ganglion. It was interesting to learn that each of these types responded to different stimuli and that they each had thier own certain region. In the end, it all made a lot of sense as to why our bodies work the way they work. It is amazing how small of detail our bodies, along with others such as leech's, come down to. This lab really helped me to better understand the cell types and neurophysiology plays a huge role in our bodies. </span></span></span></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
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<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: left;"><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></div></div>Katrina Kayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03860156582292625258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4038994230405287314.post-14743685369497515582011-12-20T22:09:00.000-08:002011-12-20T22:09:16.322-08:00Research (Unconscious Minds)<span style="font-family: Arial;">I have created this comic called </span><a href="http://pixton.com/ic:bv0oz58t" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Unconscious Mind (research)</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> to show information on a current research in the medical science of the mind. I know this topic also deals with psychology, but after reading this article called </span><a href="http://hilda-reilly.suite101.com/unconscious-processing-things-you-didnt-know-you-didnt-know-a369766" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Unconscious Processing: Things You Didn't Know You Didn't Know</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> it is clear that not all unconscious processing is just brain activity, but how that brain activity effects the body and homeostasis. I have learned about this recently in pyschology & about muscles in anatomy, so I have some prior knowledge to the subject. This cartoon is just a fun/cute way to describe to bare minimum of what I got out of this research. I realize how it impacts everyones daily lives and so I thought it would be interesting to read more about.</span>Katrina Kayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03860156582292625258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4038994230405287314.post-87351623632520319222011-12-16T08:18:00.000-08:002011-12-16T08:18:04.206-08:00Skeletal Muscle Tissue - Muscle AnatomyOur anatomy class is working to finish understanding the muscle system before Christmas break is here, so we have divided it into 3 different sections that all the class will work on and then teach to people studying the other sections. The 3 parts include: muscle anatomy, sliding filament model, and neuromuscular junction. Sierra, Sidney, and I decided to do the muscle anatomy. To display our learnings and to present what we learned for others is we created a poster on which we drew, colored, and labeled the anatomy.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigfw-znqjU2eQPpp7iVVWXWgWWTrpbto3MBoO73GjUa2xyZBJFLmIeKNLz5AMdo4sF6mEgrqrcNZ4lM6v_yHgNAHwPlrEcX4DYHgMeo8JLTSmi4URBiMpMRars3n4MXB6XuIYYfFAayyOm/s1600/Photo+on+12-15-11+at+8.46+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigfw-znqjU2eQPpp7iVVWXWgWWTrpbto3MBoO73GjUa2xyZBJFLmIeKNLz5AMdo4sF6mEgrqrcNZ4lM6v_yHgNAHwPlrEcX4DYHgMeo8JLTSmi4URBiMpMRars3n4MXB6XuIYYfFAayyOm/s400/Photo+on+12-15-11+at+8.46+AM.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHlrX-Krh77Ig1Rxf8Y8QZJiIryyz-9KzRxuqyjL59BEA4SLk0qEDU-uEenCuy2BGoC81LPWkMLyai6mWhfjtBMYGxUNuD8pbUwIsWAVWitRkxmkLxdxx1C7rcYPu2JXaCYKqAZeEu3tYi/s1600/Photo+on+12-15-11+at+8.46+AM+%25232.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHlrX-Krh77Ig1Rxf8Y8QZJiIryyz-9KzRxuqyjL59BEA4SLk0qEDU-uEenCuy2BGoC81LPWkMLyai6mWhfjtBMYGxUNuD8pbUwIsWAVWitRkxmkLxdxx1C7rcYPu2JXaCYKqAZeEu3tYi/s400/Photo+on+12-15-11+at+8.46+AM+%25232.jpg" width="400" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Let's take a moment to break this poster down...</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Our first view is looking at the muscle as a whole:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0SSHcOoRC7LEI7ixaqwzf48SA5MkgHs7ycC5SqkHP2Q8BRBrnkm0GH88BBALT_Y3EErrsxdicnwl4pR81YYyRvSR55fn7ox89hawYAKZ6m8DkALogXic-CI_JoVKJ6HdU7dXi9_FcSsLq/s1600/Photo+on+12-15-11+at+8.58+AM+%25232.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0SSHcOoRC7LEI7ixaqwzf48SA5MkgHs7ycC5SqkHP2Q8BRBrnkm0GH88BBALT_Y3EErrsxdicnwl4pR81YYyRvSR55fn7ox89hawYAKZ6m8DkALogXic-CI_JoVKJ6HdU7dXi9_FcSsLq/s400/Photo+on+12-15-11+at+8.58+AM+%25232.jpg" width="400" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">This shows the bulk of the muscle. If you were to look at a specific muscle such as the bicep or tricep this is the anatomy you would find. Some major parts in this section is the muscle belly and the triad.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The second section we will be looking at is an extension of one of the fasicals to show even the smaller break down of muscles. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0ze0Yetu2I1eQGo56WUU1IRa1a46zGl1RflbpImzOHAV0i9U0UE1iTRrrKMfOztcKUZEEbwM4qJ42vJ_EXfpEMUSRhe8DhK2qud3077SAKatjcy7KjwkuHSSZNkNiH03gG-xOa059ZpzS/s1600/Photo+on+12-15-11+at+8.59+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0ze0Yetu2I1eQGo56WUU1IRa1a46zGl1RflbpImzOHAV0i9U0UE1iTRrrKMfOztcKUZEEbwM4qJ42vJ_EXfpEMUSRhe8DhK2qud3077SAKatjcy7KjwkuHSSZNkNiH03gG-xOa059ZpzS/s400/Photo+on+12-15-11+at+8.59+AM.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">We broke down each of these fasicals all the way inside a single muscle fiber to the myofibril which is the contractible unit of the muscle.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBpxpPf_Ykh17HSZ9FDMrFAjmvTP0vy9Q-hrSBx8hX1NfIy44rgBM710CbmRZFEbaoEwVgJ3nut4sI5GY4YpJMo3Tg_kic8KDQmYTgysIAvXilpmByltim6TEiYtxdhS_7jZLDdpunVJjK/s1600/Photo+on+12-15-11+at+8.59+AM+%25232.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBpxpPf_Ykh17HSZ9FDMrFAjmvTP0vy9Q-hrSBx8hX1NfIy44rgBM710CbmRZFEbaoEwVgJ3nut4sI5GY4YpJMo3Tg_kic8KDQmYTgysIAvXilpmByltim6TEiYtxdhS_7jZLDdpunVJjK/s400/Photo+on+12-15-11+at+8.59+AM+%25232.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Lastly, this is a very detailed diagram of the contractible bands in the muscle. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">This is a break down of muscle anatomy. We had fun making this poster and we also learned a ton about this structure. I think we did very well on this poster and our understanding is at a proficient level. Next steps will include learning what the others have to teach us about the other 2 sections and in return teaching them about muscle anatomy. This was a great way to incorporate experience in working with a group and community teaching. Helping to teach others in ways that we understand the best; its not text book talk, its people to people talk, real talk, and that makes the learning experience even that much better!</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Hope you enjoyed my post! Have a great day! :)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrbtli-YoM4B3YT7qveDF3fsEGHC6BTejaQ8bHP1whQBpE8Im49ywLgFfYasCJzzGNkEU3wjaVHMqS49yFRlnZa4iw9Pm39dOlWu9t4YWHxXB-QHBY9RisnRwj0x_OEcFNzMnGDUvfFaRg/s1600/Photo+on+12-12-11+at+8.48+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrbtli-YoM4B3YT7qveDF3fsEGHC6BTejaQ8bHP1whQBpE8Im49ywLgFfYasCJzzGNkEU3wjaVHMqS49yFRlnZa4iw9Pm39dOlWu9t4YWHxXB-QHBY9RisnRwj0x_OEcFNzMnGDUvfFaRg/s320/Photo+on+12-12-11+at+8.48+AM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7fxpLzc282X96uoFP045TyUa8wn9CvdkL6L5ltYcLu990O14PElAj07EHtsvhO6Fx4s7FsWGqR_nmV43Qwyk1ReBftJBszTDOoMmVfzL1djw6LKhKQfC4UWDUKgYveh50dj4Ud3bMWEVB/s1600/Photo+on+12-12-11+at+8.48+AM+%25232.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />
</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><span id="goog_1302024087"></span><span id="goog_1302024088"></span>Katrina Kayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03860156582292625258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4038994230405287314.post-47547688280482423832011-12-07T08:05:00.000-08:002011-12-19T08:56:05.387-08:00Electromyogram (EMG) Lab Analysis<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b>My anatomy class</b> is learning about muscles and we decided a fun way to kick off this section would be with an <i>EMG lab</i>. EMG is a graphical recording of electrical activity within muscles. Activation of muscles by nerves results in changes in ion flow across cell membranes, which generate electrical activity. Our objectives in this lab include: obtain graphical representation of the electrical activity of a muscle, the associate amount of electrical activity with the strength of muscle contraction, and to compare masseter muscle function during different types of chewing activity. We achieved all of these objectives within this lab and learned a lot about this topic while having fun!</span></span></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span style="color: #134f5c;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"></span></span></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b>Hypothesis:</b> </span></span></span></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">If we test the jaw while chewing different foods then the foods that are harder will have a bigger max reading on the electrical activity than softer foods because the jaw has to work harder to chew those items.</span></div><div class="separator" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRA3IsuWm_xZDIkrXaVzDoP7DiRX8128gP8UIOjJgGwpe02fLmgl-TlRkd5nbOPiE_dLEbuY_-xEwduYxfkcoSDbSv6THgClRiDEchg-qF2j895xAOVgqwu8ggalpAz_Z_whvENcqLMxmR/s1600/2009_06_17-JunkFood.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" dda="true" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRA3IsuWm_xZDIkrXaVzDoP7DiRX8128gP8UIOjJgGwpe02fLmgl-TlRkd5nbOPiE_dLEbuY_-xEwduYxfkcoSDbSv6THgClRiDEchg-qF2j895xAOVgqwu8ggalpAz_Z_whvENcqLMxmR/s200/2009_06_17-JunkFood.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><span style="color: red; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Materials:</b></span><br />
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Logger Pro on computer</span></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">EKG probe</span></div><span style="color: red; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">electrode tabs</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">different foods with varying hardness</span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">experimentalist to chew the food</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Procedure:</b></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b>1.</b> Open Logger Pro. Connect the correct cords to the computer and the probers to face of the experimental body's lower jaw and and upper jaw with the electrode tabs.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b>2.</b> Start the data collection by having the experimentalist relax their jaw for 5 seconds while recording and then clench for 5 seconds.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b>3.</b> Use the next set of data collection to compare the muscle action in the chewing of different foods. Use the foods you have selected. Have the experimentalist put them in their mouth, then start the data collection. Allow them to rest their jaw for 5 seconds and then tell them to chew until swallowing and the graph will record the difference. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b>4.</b> Repeat this action until all food types are tried.</span></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: cyan; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: large;">Data:</span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilczgaBhZQeva3edr9b8uiC2y_BXgtDpUIa4RZAPkOzW6utG71aqtk3h7qhbQwbjTUAXV65DH8i2KxzMv7opDc44nwbDTO2l99x_ZhhItfBU54e-wK9gj2qCOln_oA198n7MhyphenhyphenZt3aC5E5/s1600/graph.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilczgaBhZQeva3edr9b8uiC2y_BXgtDpUIa4RZAPkOzW6utG71aqtk3h7qhbQwbjTUAXV65DH8i2KxzMv7opDc44nwbDTO2l99x_ZhhItfBU54e-wK9gj2qCOln_oA198n7MhyphenhyphenZt3aC5E5/s400/graph.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<span style="color: purple; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Data Analysis:</b></span><br />
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1QIGehVv0OAb6kmzl9vQ5S9ToFRD_2-EVwyVpizfZcdYCDZ_EG0q-S9AIFiCFz3D0SekO25_y9MMcgb6NJIQKCp6kEybWbx8S4xJYrKRr3BCmAtgula2q5inXU0YsH-L2HiU-CbYFOeJi/s1600/imagesCAV07QHL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" dda="true" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1QIGehVv0OAb6kmzl9vQ5S9ToFRD_2-EVwyVpizfZcdYCDZ_EG0q-S9AIFiCFz3D0SekO25_y9MMcgb6NJIQKCp6kEybWbx8S4xJYrKRr3BCmAtgula2q5inXU0YsH-L2HiU-CbYFOeJi/s200/imagesCAV07QHL.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="color: purple; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">From this data we can see that some of the foods that we chewed caused a higher or lower electrical activity in the jaw muscle. We will use the clenching as the average chewing activity. Our experimentalist had a .6 in his change of mV as you can see on our chart. Everything after this shows the different hardnesses in electrical activity during chewing. We found that out of the food we tested beef jerky (change of 1.6 mv)used the most jaw power and had the most electrical activity while chewing and that pudding and straw (mild sucking) caused the least jaw power and electrical activity with a change of .1 in mV. The other food was ranked anywhere in between these two numbers (max and min), however none were exactly the same as the average clenching of the jaw.</span></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br />
</div><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Conclusion:</b></span><br />
<span style="color: lime; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">By following the correct procedures and collecting our data our hypothesis was true. It is true that if we test the jaw while chewing different foods then the foods that are harder will have a bigger max reading on the electrical activity than softer foods because the jaw has to work harder to chew those items. Our graph and analysis prove our hypothesis to be right. We had a lot of fun doing the activity as well which makes it even better!</span><br />
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</div><b><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: large;">Reflection:</span></b><br />
<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">I feel like this lab was a great way to start off our muscle systems series! It really helped me to think about the muscles that we use daily and never really think about. That is very important to recognize because when you're sore that can be a warning sign telling you you have been using different muscles and to not over do it, but work at strengthening them. This is something that can help us to be cautious and know our bodies a little better.</span></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Patterns that I saw in the different foods in this particular where that the harder the item to chew was the bigger change it had in mV. This was relatable to our hypothesis which was later proven to be true! </span></div><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">I feel like all through out this lab my group worked diagently and well together. We also collected accurate data and had a fun time doing it so I would say this was a successful project and that I did good. Next steps could include other muscles electrical activities to see which muscles cause large changes in mV or other projects that could be linked to this data such as just even testing a wider variety in food or even extending to non foods and just biting down on them.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #134f5c;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><i><b><span style="font-size: large;">Overall</span>,</b></i> our project was a great success. I hope this helped you to undersand our lab and a little bit about electrial activity in the jaw when you chew certain foods.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2vTk_-1gv0qxP5YeRQg7xatQwN3KSIsva_AapFOm7fieQQvtJWn0MyIsLMs6Jszye6JlFHR8szgAzOdXe6-IauRDH0v1bWvB4nFOBb6y24EmuUymkWwRbyuIHohYLLZS0rR6f_02ze_Ug/s1600/open_mouth_chewing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" dda="true" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2vTk_-1gv0qxP5YeRQg7xatQwN3KSIsva_AapFOm7fieQQvtJWn0MyIsLMs6Jszye6JlFHR8szgAzOdXe6-IauRDH0v1bWvB4nFOBb6y24EmuUymkWwRbyuIHohYLLZS0rR6f_02ze_Ug/s320/open_mouth_chewing.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PS- don't forget to chew your food!!</td></tr>
</tbody></table>Katrina Kayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03860156582292625258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4038994230405287314.post-23713345554838308982011-11-15T08:18:00.000-08:002011-11-15T08:18:26.988-08:00Bone - skeletal system <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #4c1130;"><a href="http://prezi.com/x_cjpczdirt1/bone/" target="_blank">This prezi</a> displays all that I learned about bones. In this prezi I broke the topic of bone into 3 different categories. These categories included bone structure, bone development and growth, and bone fractures and breaks. I did 3 sub categories for each of these topics and then a few even have subtopics within the subtopics. This is a rather large post but it shows all that I know. </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #274e13;"> For a short piece of self-reflection I would say that I really like using Prezi because it helps me to remember the information much better than the book or notes or lectures. The whole idea of me picking the information to use and typing it myself really helps me to remember the facts. I can use this information again when I take classes for nursing, when I biology, and even in everyday life. Soon we will learn all of the bones in the body so I could help others know which bones are where, I know which parts of the body has little bones that we must be careful about, and I may be able to help determine breaks and fractures and on which bone they may be located. I feel like I'm learning pretty quickly as I go, but this is a hard subject so I'll need to pay attention. Next steps include learning all the bones of the body and finishing up the skeletal system.</span> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;">Overall things are going well and looking positive as I move along! Check out my post and enjoy it :)</span>Katrina Kayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03860156582292625258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4038994230405287314.post-39917872214307279332011-11-01T08:33:00.000-07:002011-11-02T07:47:16.593-07:00Integumentary System (skin/cancer/burns)<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="http://prezi.com/61humtcm_7ds/integumentary-system/" target="_blank">This Prezi</a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> that I have created goes over all I have learned from the Integumentary System. There was a lot to cover and this is a rather large post, but I learned a lot about skin, cancer, and burns so I felt I needed to share it all. I hope my blog can help you learn as well as it helped me. </span><br />
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</span></div><i>Just for a short self-reflection:</i><br />
<i>1. I could use this again in life, hope to be a nurse practitioner so I'm sure I will need to know how to detect skin-cancer and burns. I'll also need to give advise about how to take care of the skin.</i><br />
<i>2. Patterns that I saw were that there are always progressively worse stages in medical conditions such as first, second, and third degree burns & the basal, squamous, and melanoma cancers.</i><br />
<i>3. I fell like I picked up on each of these topics very well and I have a solid base of each of these categories of understanding. Next, I can just keep applying it to other parts of science and building my knowledge of these topics.</i>Katrina Kayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03860156582292625258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4038994230405287314.post-39845623314755093732011-10-20T14:14:00.000-07:002011-10-20T14:14:11.715-07:00Tissue Engineered Skin<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://popplet.com/app/#/97059"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><strong>This Popplet</strong></span></a><span style="color: lime; font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><strong>, Tissue Engineered Skin, is a breif summary of the article that we read, The Bionic Body. I made this post in order to fufill Standard 2 - Research on my profile.</strong></span></div>Katrina Kayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03860156582292625258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4038994230405287314.post-22578937199923088662011-10-18T08:00:00.000-07:002011-10-18T08:00:22.122-07:00A&P FUNK (directional terms, body planes, body cavities)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/W6nYKDvUHE4?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: lime;">This is my group (Steven, Audie, and I) video called A&P Funk. Our video reviews directional terms, body planes, and body cavities. It can be an easy way to help remember these things and a fun way to learn. Check it out :)</b></div>Katrina Kayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03860156582292625258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4038994230405287314.post-32412575826748270202011-10-14T09:18:00.000-07:002011-10-14T09:18:51.845-07:00HISTOLOGY!!This Prezi took me FOREVER!! It contains connective, muscle, and nervous tissues (epithelial is on previous post). Our histology lab is also on this post. It's a large post, but very informational :) I've learned a lot from this post. Writing all of these out with descriptions, functions, locations, and pictures has helped me to remember each type and what they look like. I hope my post can do the same for you :) ENJOY<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://prezi.com/71js7zh-0ayi/connective-tissue/">http://prezi.com/71js7zh-0ayi/connective-tissue/</a></div>Katrina Kayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03860156582292625258noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4038994230405287314.post-42143568561053500862011-10-07T08:36:00.000-07:002011-10-10T08:57:39.486-07:00Epithelial Tissue - PREZI<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://prezi.com/oopamckveixy/epithelial-tissue-type/">Epithelial Tissue</a><br />
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Use this link to check out my prezi about epithelial tissue. I learned from making this prezi<br />
and it helped me to remember the different types, hopefully it can help you too! :)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div>Katrina Kayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03860156582292625258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4038994230405287314.post-12006855248330804722011-09-15T07:49:00.000-07:002011-09-26T08:03:11.197-07:00Homeostasis Lab<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />
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Preforming this lab helped to lock in exactly what homeostasis does and how it works. Although I already understood how homeostasis worked, this lab helped to show the process in action, revealing to me just how quick and effective it really is.Katrina Kayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03860156582292625258noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4038994230405287314.post-86848151187980300772011-09-09T13:09:00.000-07:002011-09-09T13:09:01.523-07:00Homeostasis<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEOfaT9zYjfBhroISusR3D_XNAsA-Z0MTPn3_xOUt78I2n0TiTpXFMe4R3pO6wjSpIO_z2IRZ60CMqqVIAYXjF8ukGmXS40IsAYQfcHfFAYLaaaf27jnlDhKfgVA-b3FzQTEYfW3lFXr7F/s1600/photo.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEOfaT9zYjfBhroISusR3D_XNAsA-Z0MTPn3_xOUt78I2n0TiTpXFMe4R3pO6wjSpIO_z2IRZ60CMqqVIAYXjF8ukGmXS40IsAYQfcHfFAYLaaaf27jnlDhKfgVA-b3FzQTEYfW3lFXr7F/s400/photo.PNG" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>(Taken from Hole's Anatomy)</em></td></tr>
</tbody></table><strong><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Homeostasis</span></strong> is a property or quality of multicellular organism's systems that allow us to maintain a stable environment. To break that down and make it even a little more understandable, we can say homeostasis is a natural quality we have within us to keep a constant internal environment. In order for the body to maintain this internal environment, there are self-regulating control systems through which our body does this process. These control systems have 3 parts to them: Receptors, the control center, and effectors.<br />
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<ul><li><em><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u>Receptors</u>:</span></span></em> provide information about specific conditions in the internal environment. A receptor may be a molecule or a cell or even a system. The receptor detects the bodies need and then contacts the control center.</li>
<li><span style="color: #741b47;"><em><span style="font-size: large;"><u>Control Center</u>:</span></em></span> includes a set point (target value of a physiological measure maintained automatically in the body), which tells a particular value should be. An example would include human body temperature at 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. This center gets the information from the receptor, reads where the body is at compared to where it needs to be, and sends the mission to the effectors.</li>
<li style="border: currentColor;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><em><span style="font-size: large;"><u>Effectors</u>:</span></em></span> can be muscles or glands, which cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment. Once the effector has the mission it breaks that down into understandable terms for the body to read and it changes the condition or tries to make up for the irregular functions to keep the body stable.</li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5NV5A0i2Wnoi4nSDZUgdI_OhSuATAM23_GkNTwsPLeCbOceYmI6EfF0s5nf9oD5H8C5_lS6H2fo6pVQKNTg8yIlrObkopTVwjfMGKPK75UhvNOw5kVH_n8XHr1F4UK4A0yr0UVX9R9Dt3/s1600/negpos+feedback.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" nba="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5NV5A0i2Wnoi4nSDZUgdI_OhSuATAM23_GkNTwsPLeCbOceYmI6EfF0s5nf9oD5H8C5_lS6H2fo6pVQKNTg8yIlrObkopTVwjfMGKPK75UhvNOw5kVH_n8XHr1F4UK4A0yr0UVX9R9Dt3/s640/negpos+feedback.PNG" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-size: small;">(Taken from Hole's Anatomy)</span></em></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="border: currentColor;">These 3 parts are referred to as a <u><span style="color: #660000;">"homeostatic mechanism".</span></u> This homeostatic mechanism works together when the receptor measures your stability from the set point and the effectors are activated to fix the variables that are off. As the conditions return to normal, the effectors gradually shut down because they have done their job and this process is refered to as negative feedback. The image 1.7 shows us an example of how all the reactors work together to get the room temperature back to normal. Another example of negative feedback would be when you are running and your body starts to heat up. When it heats up, your <span style="background-color: white;">body starts to sweat causing beads of water to evolve on your skin. As you run, this perspiration begins to evaporate working in a way that cools the body. The sweat ether evaporates into the air or soaks into your jersey keeping you cool and in a sense working as a type of air conditioner. This homeostatic mechanism works to maintain body temperature and cause you not to overheat. Although most body feedback is negative, there is a chance that on occasion you'll see some positive feedback. Positive feedback is a process that moves conditions away from the normal state. Examples of positive feedback include things such as woman's contractions at birth, AIDS, and blood clotting. I'll explain AIDS for a better understanding: when AIDS is in a human system at the beginning of the virus just certain cells in your body are effected, but as the process go on your body multiples the virus and engraves it into your DNA rather than try to fix the problem. This example, like most other positive feedback is not looked upon as good, but not all positive feedback has to have such negative connotations. For example contractions around the birthing period are very well looked upon. A woman has one contraction and that leads to another and another and they build up to help the mother deliver her baby. Positive feedback happens on a much rarer occasion, but it can happen so keep it in mind as well. </span><br />
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Homeostatis in general is just the process of keeping our bodies in a normal, stable environment. I've learned about the different parts of the homeostatic mechanicisms and about positive and negative feedback. I hope I may have been some help to you as well trying to break down the textbooks and just give you the simple explanation of all this "stuff". <br />
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check out this video its a great explaination of <br />
other parts of homeostasis I didn't cover!!<br />
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</div></div>Katrina Kayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03860156582292625258noreply@blogger.com0